Wiener StaatsopernchorWiener PhilharmonikerConductor: Clemens KraussRecording: Decca 1955
Premiere: 1954
The puppets and the equipment were made in the workshops of the Salzburg Marionette Theatre.
Since an incident following a masked ball at which Eisenstein was dressed as a butterfly and Dr. Falke as a bat, Falke has been planning revenge on his friend, who got him into a drunken stupor and then left him lying in the park to be a public laughing stock, earning him the nickname of “Dr. Fledermaus”.
The Eisensteins’ chambermaid Adele receives an invitation – purporting to be from her chorus-girl sister Ida – to attend a ball given by Princess Orlovska; she invents a sob story about a sick aunt in order to get time off. Eisenstein has to serve a few days in jail, starting at midnight, for a petty offence, but Falke persuades him to leave home early, telling his wife Rosalinde he is off to jail, and enjoy himself at the ball first. Falke’s plan also includes inviting Rosalinde to the ball. She is put in an awkward predicament, however, when her former beau Alfred suddenly turns up and makes himself very much at home. The new prison director Frank arrives and arrests him as Eisenstein.
At Princess Orlovska’s ball, Eisenstein is astonished to find Adele in the company. He makes friends with Frank and finally takes a fancy to his own wife, disguised as a Hungarian countess, who relieves him of his pocket-watch.
In the early morning Frank, the worse for wear, staggers into the jail, where the drunken guard Frosch is on duty. Adele arrives with Ida to ask his help in training for a stage career.
When Eisenstein turns up to serve his sentence he is surprised to be told that he has already been locked up all night. Rosalinde appears, and together with the prisoner Alfred she demands an investigation by a notary. Eisenstein promptly disguises himself as a notary, hoping to find out exactly what has been going on. Learning Alfred’s identity, he furiously unmasks himself, only to have Rosalinde reveal by means of the watch that the “countess” was none other than herself. Finally it is borne in upon him that the whole imbroglio is simply “the revenge of a bat”.
von Gottfried Kraus (1988)
Ursprünglich war eine Aufführung der „Fledermaus“ von Johann Strauß nicht geplant gewesen. Die Salzburger Marionetten, die sich damals – 1952 – mit der „Zauberflöte“ soeben einen langjährigen Traum erfüllt hatten, dachten an anderes. Doch der Vertrag mit Amerika forderte von ihnen alljährlich eine abendfüllende Oper und kein anderes Werk verkörpert „drüben“ so sehr das Wesen österreichischer, wienerischer Musikkultur wie die „Königin der Operetten“; mit keinem anderen Werk konnte Hermann Aicher auch so gewiss rechnen, an die Triumphe der ersten Amerika-Tournee auch im zweiten Jahr anknüpfen zu können. Also bereiteten die Salzburger Marionetten im Sommer 1953 in Salzburg die Strauß-Operette vor. Peter Stanchina, damals Intendant des Salzburger Landestheaters, übernahm die Regie, Günther Schneider-Siemssen entwarf die Ausstattung, Friedl Aicher die Kostüme und Decca-London lieferte mit der erst kurz zuvor in Wien entstandenen ersten Gesamtaufnahme der Musiknummern das Band.
Es wurde, ungeachtet der recht kurzen Vorbereitungszeit, ein großer Erfolg – und ist, über mehr als dreißig Jahre, ein Erfolg und eines der Herzstücke im Repertoire der Salzburger Marionetten geblieben. Verändert wurde, einige Jahre später, so manches Detail der Regie — der operettenerfahrene Adi Fischer sorgte im Verein mit der Choreographin Sylvia Wenschau im Frühjahr 1960 für eine schwungvolle Neueinstudierung —, aber im Grundkonzept ist diese „Fledermaus“ sich treu geblieben: nicht Operettenklischee, sondern im besten Sinn Komische Oper, zugleich realistisch in den zauberhaften Puppenfiguren mit ihren von Josef Magnus meisterhaft entworfenen Physiognomien und den Kostümen, in denen die zeitlose Eleganz und der Charme des Alten Wien lebendig ist, aber auch stilisiert und ins Phantastische überhöht, wo das Spiel in der prickelnden Champagnerlaune der Musik den Boden der Realität verlässt. Nur im Marionettentheater können die Alkoholphantasien des Frosch auch dem Zuschauer sichtbar werden, nur die Puppen können in ihrer schwebenden Grazie die Leichtigkeit der Musik in Bewegung umsetzen. Keine Übertreibung, wie sie auf der Opernbühne kaum zu vermeiden ist, lässt das Fest im Haus des Prinzen Orlofsky, der hier zur Vermeidung von Identifizierungsschwierigkeiten von Puppe und Frauenstimme als Fürstin Orlofska auftritt, in billige Klischees abgleiten, die überschwengliche Lebenslust wie die nachfolgende Katerstimmung bleiben stets im Rahmen des Spiels. Und in jeder Aufführung werden der „Donau-Walzer“ und der „CanCan“ nicht nur zu vielbejubelten Höhepunkten, sondern geradezu zum Beweis für die Erkenntnis Kleists, dass die Puppen den Boden nur brauchen „wie die Elfen, um ihn zu streifen, und den Schwung der Glieder durch die augenblickliche Hemmung neu zu beleben“. Wenn es je eine vollkommene Identität von musikalischer und gestischer Bewegung geben kann, dann ist sie hier erreicht.
Freilich steht hinter dieser Wirkung, die sich jedesmal frisch erweist und den Weg der Salzburger Marionetten über Tausende von Kilometern bis in die fernsten Länder und Kulturen begleitet hat, das Wunder einer musikalischen Interpretation, die bis heute ohne Konkurrenz geblieben ist. Clemens Krauss, der Alt-Österreicher, mit dem die Wiener Philharmoniker einst in finsterster Kriegszeit das „Neujahrskonzert“ erfanden – gleichsam als Symbol des Willens zum Überleben –, musiziert die geniale Partitur mit jener unwägbaren Mischung aus Schwung und Zartheit, aus präzise ausgekosteten Details und genialischem Verve, wie tatsächlich nur er es konnte. Und dazu ein Sängerensemble der großen Opernstars jener Wiener Nachkriegsjahre – Hilde Güden, Wilma Lipp, Julius Patzak, Anton Dermota, Alfred Poell –, das Johann Strauß mit der gleichen Sorgfalt singt, als gelte es eine der Mozart-Opern. Viele neue Aufnahmen der „Fledermaus“ sind seither entstanden, technisch und im Klangbild müssten die Salzburger Marionetten längst zu einer neuen greifen. Doch es würde sich keine finden, in der so ideal vorgegeben ist, was die Puppen – und nur sie! – in Spiel, in Bewegung, in Phantasie umzusetzen vermögen.
In 1913 the sculptor Anton Aicher founded the Salzburg Marionette Theatre, opening with a performance of Mozart's Bastien und Bastienne. His performances were such a success that in the autumn of that very first year he went on tour. The repertoire was expanded to include children's fairy-tales, with the "Kasperl" (perhaps equivalent to Mr. Punch) as the main figure.
In 1926, Hermann Aicher received the Marionette Theatre from his father Anton as a wedding present, and used his technical knowledge to create a real miniature stage. In collaboration with the Mozarteum Academy, he rehearsed increasingly ambitious operas, and soon the repertoire included Mozart's smaller operas, such as Apollo et Hyacinthus or Der Schauspieldirektor [The Impresario].
During the period 1927–34, the theatre gave guest performances in Hamburg, Vienna and Holland, and visited Istanbul, Sofia and Athens. Moscow and Leningrad followed in 1936, in venues seating 2,500 – which necessitated new, larger marionettes. The special attraction was the marionette of the legendary ballerina Anna Pavlova, dancing the "dying swan".
From 1940-44 the Salzburg marionettes were sent to the front. Hermann Aicher was summoned to military service in 1944, and the Theatre was closed. After the end of the war, the marionettes immediately resumed their activities, first of all for the occupying troops. In 1947, they gave the first post-war German-language guest performance in the famous Paris Théâtre des Champs-Elysées. There followed a busy period with tours, guest performances, and new productions including Mozart's five major operas.
In 1971 the present theatre, adapted specifically to the requirements of the marionettes, was opened with Rossini's Barber of Seville.
Hermann Aicher died shortly after his 75th birthday, and his daughter Gretl took over the theatre. The marionettes toured Europe, America and Asia, in New York, Paris, Italy, Switzerland, Hong Kong and Japan.
In 1991, to mark the 200th anniversary of Mozart's death, Götz Friedrich staged Mozart's Così fan tutte.
1994/95 brought TV and video recordings of all five major Mozart operas, with Sir Peter Ustinov as narrator, and from 1992–97 several productions were staged in co-operation with the Salzburg Landestheater. In 1996, the Salzburg marionettes collaborated with the Salzburg Festival in Carl Maria von Weber's opera Oberon, in the Small Festival Hall.
1998 saw the first collaboration with the Salzburg Easter Festival, in Sergey Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf. To mark the 85th anniversary of the Marionette Theatre, the "World of Marionettes" museum was opened in Hohensalzburg Fortress.
In 2001, the theatre premièred the first spoken play for many years, with Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. This was followed in December 2003 by the première of Humperdinck's opera Hansel and Gretel.
The 2006 Salzburg Festival marked the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth with performances of all 22 operas; Bastien und Bastienne and Der Schauspieldirektor were staged in collaboration with the Marionette Theatre – a collaboration continued in 2007.
The world-famous Broadway musical The Sound of Music was premiered on November 2, 2007 in Dallas, Texas.
In 2010 the Salzburg Marionette Theatre staged Claude Debussy's puppet ballet La boîte à joujoux (The Toy Box). The world-famous pianist Andràs Schiff initiated the project which was premiered at the Ittinger Pfingsttage (Switzerland). 2011 and 2012 The Little Prince and a short version of The Ring of the Nibelung in cooperation with Salzburg State Theatre were brought on stage.
The death of Gretl Aicher in 2012 marks the end of the Aicher family's ownership after three generations.
2013 the Salzburg Marionette Theatre celebrates its 100th anniversary with the production Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Alice in Wonderland.
In 2016, the Austrian UNESCO commission designated the operating technique developed by the Salzburg Marionette Theatre a "most highly developed form of puppet and figure theatre" and declared this sophisticated, fine-tuned method Intangible UNESCO Cultural Heritage (Austrian List). With new productions such as Fidelio by Ludwig van Beethoven, new scenic approaches are taken and the technique of puppetry is refined.
Since 1913 the Salzburg Marionette Theatre made 270 tours throughout the world.
Since 1971, the Salzburg Marionette Theatre has been housed the historic building at Schwarzstrasse 24 – on the right side of Salzburg's Old Town, between the Landestheater and the International Mozarteum Foundation, and between the River Salzach on the one side and the Mirabell Palace with its world-famous garden on the other.
After it was founded in a studio in the Künstlerhaus in 1913, then moved to the gymnasium of the old Borromäum, and spent ten years in the temporary premises of the Kapitelsaal, the Marionette Theatre settled in Schwarzstrasse 24. This building has its own chequered history: between the Villa Lasser (now the Mozarteum Foundation) and the municipal theatre, Count Arco-Zinneberg's Kaltenhausen brewery had a restaurant and function-rooms built in 1893. The architect was Carl Demel, the master builder Valentin Ceconi. In 1897, the function-rooms were converted into the Hotel Mirabell.
Until 1968, the Mirabell Casino was part of the hotel. In 1970 reconstruction work was begun, in order to give the Marionette Theatre a new home. The former dining-room of the hotel was converted into the auditorium with the stage. It is still impressive, with its elaborate stucco-work and opulent painting. In the course of repairs to the foyer in 2000, the original stucco-work was discovered, and since 2003 the foyer ceiling can be admired in its former splendour.
In the Society of Friends of the Salzburg Marionette Theatre, you belong to our circle of close friends – who come backstage to get to know the puppeteers and their marionettes in person, and meet in special places. With our newsletter, you will be among the first to find out what's on the programme. You'll have exclusive access to rehearsals and you can take look behind the scenes with us, to see just who is pulling the strings.
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Committee: Harald Labbow, Julia Heuberger-Denkstein, Barbara Ortner, Nina Eisenberger, Julia Skadarasy, Katharina Schneider, Eva Rutmann
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